International Conference on Battery and Fuel Cell Technology December 08-09, 2016 Dubai, UAE

Primary batteries, or primary cells, generate power when they are connected immediately. Primary cells are mostly or commonly used in movable devices that have low current drain, are used only periodically, or are used well away from an different power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electricity is periodically obtainable. Disposable primary cells cannot be constantly recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and the materials which are active cannot return to their original forms. The manufactures of Battery mention against trying to recharge primary cells. In general, these have higher energy densities than rechargeable batteries, but disposable batteries doesn’t perform well  under high-drain applications with loads under 75 ohms (75 Ω). Common types of disposable batteries include zinc–carbon batteries and alkaline batteries.

Secondary batteries, also known as secondary cells, or rechargeable batteries, must be charged before first use; they are usually assembled with active materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries are (re)charged by applying electric current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during discharge/use. Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers. The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the lead–acid battery. This technology contains liquid electrolyte in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas it produces during overcharging. The lead–acid battery is relatively heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply. Its low manufacturing cost and its high surge current levels make it common where its capacity (over approximately 10 Ah) is more important than weight and handling issues. 

The internal function of a battery are typically contained within a metal or plastic case. Under this metal there is a cathode, which connects to the positive terminal, and an anode, which connects to the negative terminal. These constituents, more generally known as electrodes, occupy most of the space in a battery and are placed where the chemical reactions occur. A partition creates a barrier between the cathode and anode, preventing the electrodes from moving while allowing electrical charge to flow freely between them. The medium that allows the electric charge to flow between the cathode and anode is known as the electrolyte. Finally, the collector conducts the charge to the outside of the battery and through the load.

As batteries are widely used it has lots of various problems. In lithium batteries the failures are depends on over-voltage, state of Charge , temperature Effects if the charging voltage is increased beyond the recommended upper cell voltage, typically 4.2 Volts, excessive current flows giving rise to two problems such as lithium plating, overheating. Temperature effects both in low temperature operation and high temperature operation and also thermal runaway. 

Presenting large batteries for stationary applications, e.g. energy storage, and also batteries for hybrid vehicles or different tools. Secondary Battery such as Lithium batteries are used in various types of mobile devices, including communication equipment, computers, entertainment devices, power tools, toys, games, lighting and medical devices. Mostly in transportation the lithium secondary batteries stimulated to reduce carbon emissions in the Kyoto Protocol and demand for eco-friendly vehicles through CARB(California Air Resource Board). The Toyota Prius was the first commercial HEV. This vehicle uses NIMH batteries for power sources and presents a solution to the problem of high power density.

New Developments in Battery Technology such as Electric cars discusses the use of batteries as motive power sources in electric vehicles, as well as temporary energy storage in hybrid and solar powered vehicles. Lithium-Metal-Polymer battery contains no liquid or paste electrolyte. The electrolyte is in the form of a polymer film, resulting in a lightweight battery that is rugged, required little maintenance, and can tolerate extremes of temperatures in service lives as long as 10 years. A new development offered by Proctor & Gamble, not yet on the market. It is low-power electrolysis technology that can remove pathogens from small or large quantities of water. The technology is offered for licensing through yet2.com as a TechPak and even more.

Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries have been in use for many years in consumer and automotive applications due to their superior energy density and environmentally friendly attributes. The demand for Sodium Sulphur batteries as an effective means of stabilizing renewable energy output and providing ancillary services is expanding. U.S. utilities have deployed 9 MW for peak shaving, backup power, firming wind capacity, and other applications. Grid storage is probably the battery industry’s toughest challenge yet. More often it seems that in many projects happening now, energy storage systems are expected to do not one, but often several things. It’s partly the result of how the electricity grids are regulated, where storage is too expensive to be solely a generation or a distribution asset, so its value is extracted by measuring out a multiplicity of different services and functions, over the system’s lifetime.

Nano batteries are fabricated batteries employing technology at the Nano scale, a scale of microscopic particles that amount less than 100 nanometres or 10−7 meters. In contrast, out-dated Li-Ion technology uses active materials, such as cobalt-oxide, with atoms or particles that range in size between 5 and 20 micrometres (5000 and 20000 nanometres - over 100 times Nano scale). It is hoped that Nano-engineering will improve many of the inadequacies of present battery technology, such as recharging time and battery 'memory'. Several companies are exploring and emerging these technologies. In March 2005, Toshiba announced that they had a new Lithium-Ion battery consists a  nanostructured lattice at the positive and negative terminals that permits the battery to recharge a astonishing eighty times quicker than previously. Prototype models were able to charge to eighty per cent capacity in one minute, and were one hundred per cent recharged after 10 minutes.

Fuel cell main function is to transform the chemical energy from a fuel into power through a chemical reaction of positively charged hydrogen ions with oxygen or alternative oxidizing agent. Fuel cells are dissimilar from batteries in that they require a constant source of fuel and oxygen or air to withstand the chemical reaction, while in a battery the chemicals existing in the battery react with each other to produce an electromotive force. Fuel cells can generate electrical energy continuously for as long as these inputs are delivered. Fuel cells come in multiple types; however, they all work in the same common way. They are made up of three contiguous divisions: the anode, the electrolyte, and the cathode. Two chemical reactions occur at the boundaries of the three unlike divisions. The net outcome of the two reactions is that fuel is disbursed, water or carbon dioxide is produced, and an electric current is generated, which can be used to power electrical devices, normally referred to as the load.

Fuel cells are categorized mainly by the kind of electrolyte they employ. This classification determines the kind of electro-chemical reactions that take place in the cell, the kind of catalysts required, the temperature range in which the cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. These characteristics, in turn, affect the applications for which these cells are most suitable. There are several types of fuel cells currently under development, each with its own advantages, limitations, and potential applications. The following types of fuel cells are Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, Phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, Solid oxide fuel cells, Reversible fuel cells.

Fuel Cell at present outlines fuel cells for transportation as any units that deliver propulsive electricity to a vehicle, directly or indirectly. Forklift trucks and other goods control vehicles such as airport luggage automobiles, Two- and three-wheeler automobiles such as scooters, light duty vehicles. Portable fuel cells as those which are made into products that are designed to be moved. These include military applications Auxiliary Power Units for the leisure and trucking industries, portable products  such as torches, vine trimmers, small personal electronics such as mp3 players, cameras etc, large personal electronics namely laptops, printers, radios, education kits and toys. 

Fuel Cell Technology has been at its epitome in the advancements mainly regarding hydrogen fuel cells have been a dream energy source, merging the large quantity of hydrogen as an element with the clean alteration of it to and from a source of stored energy. Advanced resources based hydrogen storage technologies and abridged cost of advanced compacted hydrogen storage systems. Hydrogen fuel cells for vehicles create an fascinating contender to pure electric vehicles (fuel cells create electricity, so many components of the vehicle are similar).

A super capacitor (SC) (sometimes ultra capacitor, formerly electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)) is a high-capacity electrochemical capacitor with capacitance values very much higher than different capacitors (but lower voltage limits) that bridge the gap amongst electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries. They typically store 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries. They are however 10 times larger than conventional batteries for a given charge.

Super capacitors are used in applications requiring many rapid charge/discharge cycles rather than long term compact energy storage: within cars, buses, trains, cranes and elevators, where they are used for regenerative braking, short-term energy storage or burst-mode power delivery. Smaller units are used as memory backup for static random-access memory (SRAM).

Research into hydride materials for energy applications typically focuses on enhancing gravimetric storage density and ion transport of the materials. However, the requirements for stationary applications such as fuel cells can be significantly different and amenable to a broader class of potential materials. Multiple geophysical and social pressures are forcing a shift from fossil fuels to renewable and sustainable energy sources. To effect this change, we must create the materials that will support emergent energy technologies. Solar energy is the utmost priority to develop photovoltaic cells that are efficient and cost effective.

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, conducting extensive research on Photovoltaics, Energy storage and Hydrogen storage to meet global Energy requirements. The global market value of components for PEM fuel cell membrane electrode assembly (MEA) as BCC report is estimated $383 million in 2010. This market is expected to grow at a 20.6% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the 5-year forecast period to reach $977 million in 2015.