These are the rechargeable batteries and a type of electrical battery which can be charged many times, discharged into a load. With the recent market analysis on the secondary batteries the value of which has estimated more than $111 billion by 2019 which is influenced by the factors like cost and power capabilities. Several different mixtures of electrolytes and electrode materials are used. These rechargeable batteries manufactured in many different shapes, sizes ranging from button cells to megawatt systems.

Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections connected to energize the electrical devices. A battery has a cathode, and an anode. The name "battery" commonly denoted to a device composed of multiple cells, yet the procedure has advanced to additionally include devices consisting of a single cell. Batteries are categorized into primary and secondary types. Primary batteries such as alkaline battery, leclanché cell, lithium battery are irreversibly transforming chemical energy to electrical energy. When the power inside the reactants got exhausted, these batteries such as primary does not restore energy easily. Secondary batteries such as flow battery, fuel cell, lead acid battery etc. can be recharged; that is, they can reverse their chemical reactions by supplying electrical energy to the battery, by restoring their original composition.

The internal function of a battery are typically contained within a metal or plastic case. Under this metal there is a cathode, which connects to the positive terminal, and an anode, which connects to the negative terminal. These constituents, more generally known as electrodes, occupy most of the space in a battery and are placed where the chemical reactions occur. A partition creates a barrier between the cathode and anode, preventing the electrodes from moving while allowing electrical charge to flow freely between them. The medium that allows the electric charge to flow between the cathode and anode is known as the electrolyte. Finally, the collector conducts the charge to the outside of the battery and through the load.

For addressing the existing and future challenges of the battery technologies a new generation is needed. The present battery technologies such as lithium-ion and lead acid batteries will bench mark there presence in the market where the upcoming advanced and the post lithium-ion batteries can potentially cut by 10% of the market due to the present usage of them. The researchers have focused on the tunneled structures where it is earier for the charge charying ions to move inside the electrode.

Batteries technologies have a drastic change in the decreased charge times and increase in the energy densities with the help of nanotechnology as they are coated with electrode and nanoparticles on the surface. The shelf life of a battery is increased by using these nanomaterials in order to divide the solid electrodes and the liquids to prevent the low level discharge.

It is expensive but makes an economic sense. Solar panels with the battery backup are necessary in some parts of World in order to support household activities. The photovoltaic solar cells are most commonly used and are fashionable in the Western world where the electricity is more expensive. Producing clean energy form the renewable sources should never be shortened, especially if it can be stored.

Presenting large batteries for stationary applications, e.g. energy storage, and also batteries for hybrid vehicles or different tools. Secondary Battery such as Lithium batteries are used in various types of mobile devices, including communication equipment, computers, entertainment devices, power tools, toys, games, lighting and medical devices. Mostly in transportation the lithium secondary batteries stimulated to reduce carbon emissions in the Kyoto Protocol and demand for eco-friendly vehicles through CARB(California Air Resource Board). The Toyota Prius was the first commercial HEV. This vehicle uses NIMH batteries for power sources and presents a solution to the problem of high power density.

Based on the type of electrolyte used the fuel cells are classified as Proton Exchange membrane, molten carbonate, solid oxide, alkaline, phosphoric acid fuel cells and based on and the type of fuel and oxidant used they are categorized as Hydrogen-oxygen, ammonia-air, hydrazine-oxygen, hydrocarbon. The most important design features in fuel cell are the type of fuel cell is usually defined the electrolyte, Hydrogen is the most common fuel used substance etc.

The fuel cell market is rapidly growing as its market will reach 50 GW by 2020.

The fuel cells usage has been broadly in three areas: stationary power generation and power generation, portable power generation and power for transportation and they are also include a category for distribution, storage, fuel and infrastructure and dispensing of fuel cells in order for the implementation of fuel cell technology.

Hydrogen which is the most abundant element in our earth’s crust can be generated from several resources like renewable and nuclear energy. It is considered to be same as that of electricity as a clean energy carrier.  It is an important carrier of energy in future and has a number of advantages as it has high efficiency, low polluting fuel, power generation and heating.  In order to separate the hydrogen from the other compounds the steam reforming is the technique which is least expensive for generating. The other method is electrolysis.

As it is easily made from the renewable resources it joins electricity as the important energy carrier in the future.

The mechanisms of the super capacitor are can be quickly charged and has very high density of power. It had a different storage mechanism and stores electrostatically on its surface and has no chemical reactions involved in it. The cost of a super capacitor exceeds that of the battery materials because of the supercapicitor materials such as graphene which is a high performing material. Both batteries and super capacitors are helpful in th future needs as the batteries ose by 5% where as the super capacitors by 50-60% of its charge.

Materials plays an important role in the supporting the technologies that can bid the solutions to get the sustainable and the renewable energies in the future as the energy play a major role for the humans.Materials for saving energy: Thermoelecrics, Energy saving buildings. Materials for renewable energy storage conversion: Batteries, capacitors, hydrogen storage, photovoltaics and solar cells.

This market has an expected increase of $777.6 billion in 2019 in terms of revenue covering all the major sources such as hydroelectric, solar, wind, geothermal, oceanic sources etc.